EGG TEMPERA: A BRIEF INTRODUCTION
BY PETER DE LA FUENTE

 

Egg tempera is an ancient medium.  It has been found in Egyptian temples, and was used extensively throughout the Italian Renaissance.  It is extremely permanent, and does not darken with the ages, as oil paint does.  It is also highly regarded for its inherent luminosity.  Peter Hurd was an early pioneer of the medium in the United States.  Working as a student under N.C. Wyeth during the 1920's, he was not satisfied with his attempts to capture the light of his native state of New Mexico in the medium of oil, used by his teacher.  With N.C. Wyeth’s encouragement, he explored the translated recipes written by Italian artist Cennino Cennini in 1431.  Most techniques used today are based on these writings from the Renaissance period.  Peter Hurd found the medium perfect for painting the brilliant  New Mexico skies and landscape.  Andrew Wyeth felt the same aversions to oil, and learned the medium of tempera from his brother in law.  Hurd taught the medium to John W. McCoy and even N.C. Wyeth painted some temperas later in his life.

The process of painting in egg tempera begins with a substrate of masonite or good plywood.  During the Renaissance, a wooden plank was used, which often split along the grain with time.  Untempered masonite does not have a grain, and is widely used today as a substrate.  After a light sanding, the surface of the masonite is ready for the gesso, which is the ground on which the tempera will be applied.  It is important to use the traditional animal hide gesso described here, rather than today’s widely available “gesso”, which is acrylic with a lot of white pigment in it.  It is non-porous plastic, and will not have the bond between the gesso and egg that gives the tempera its unique permanence.  The following preparation and application of traditional gesso is very important to the process of painting in egg tempera.

In past ages, animal hides were boiled for days to extract a glue sufficient to bond the whiting to the panel.  Today we use rabbit-skin glue that can be easily procured in granular form.  This glue is soaked overnight in a very specific quantity of water.  The glue is then heated to approximately 125 degrees.  Chalk is slowly mixed in and, in honor of Chenini, a good pinch of sugar can be added to the hot glue, stirring slowly, so as not to create bubbles in the mixture.  This hot mixture is applied to the panel in a several coats.  After the final coat has been sanded, the panel is ready for pigment and egg.

The process of painting begins each morning with a fresh egg.  The yolk is separated, and mixed with a small amount of distilled water.  This slightly thinned egg yolk is then mixed with pure mineral pigments.  These pigments are finely ground earth colors, iron oxides, leads, cadmiums, and other very stable minerals.  The egg is the binder, and the paint is applied to the gesso panel in thin layers of color which dry in about 20 seconds.  Layer upon layer of the egg yolk pigment results in the pleasing luminous, smooth, mat surface we see in an egg tempera painting. Tempera paintings often take months to complete.  Some artists choose to use certain varnishes with varying degrees of success.  Peter Hurd and Andrew Wyeth sometimes used  beeswax varnish, but often left the surface alone.  After six months to a year, the tempera has cured, and will not change with time.

NOTE: A VIDEO PROGRAM ON THE PROCESS OF EGG TEMPERA IS STILL IN THE WORKS